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Fig. 2 | Annals of Forest Science

Fig. 2

From: Biennial aerial application of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki is the most cost-effective approach of protection against spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clemens])

Fig. 2

Balsam fir cumulative mortality (%) according to protection scenario and years after the first treatment (lsmeans ± SEM). Scenarios: no protection, Btk applied every 3 years, Btk applied every 2 years, Btk applied after 1 year of moderate to severe defoliation to keep defoliation ≤ 50% (standard protection in Quebec), Btk applied every year to keep spruce budworm impact at a minimum (intensive protection scenario)

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Annals of Forest Science

ISSN: 1297-966X